Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder
Panic disorder:
Panic Disorder is characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks—sudden episodes of intense fear or discomfort accompanied by physical symptoms such as heart palpitations, shortness of breath, chest pain, dizziness, trembling, and fear of losing control or dying—and by persistent concern or behavioral changes (avoidance) related to having more attacks; it can significantly impair daily functioning and may co-occur with agoraphobia.
Treatment :
Treatment typically combines evidence-based psychotherapy and medication: cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), especially techniques like interoceptive exposure and cognitive restructuring, helps patients reduce catastrophic misinterpretations of bodily sensations and gradually face avoided situations, while medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and short-term benzodiazepines (used cautiously) can reduce attack frequency and severity; treatment plans are individualized, often include psychoeducation, lifestyle modifications (regular sleep, exercise, caffeine reduction), and, when needed, coordination of care for coexisting conditions.